siege of the alamo

[Note 17][2] In his initial report Santa Anna claimed that 600 Texians had been killed, with only 70 Mexican soldiers killed and 300 wounded. Unable to reload, they used their rifles as clubs and fought with knives. [160] According to Bill Groneman's Battlefields of Texas, the Alamo has become "the most popular tourist site in Texas".[159]. [22] The two-story Long Barracks extended north from the chapel. The resolution effectively banned the taking of prisoners of war: in this period of time, captured pirates were executed immediately. [59] Antonio Gaona and the First Brigade were still several days march away, while an additional 400–500 men and most of the Mexican artillery were struggling through mud south of Bexar. [153] Santa Anna was captured the following day, and reportedly told Houston: "That man may consider himself born to no common destiny who has conquered the Napoleon of the West. The Battle of the Alamo was won by the Mexican Army. [139], At midnight, Mexican soldiers began silently moving towards their places to await the start of battle. [103] Few of the Mexican ladders reached the walls. [11] By this point, the Texian Army was dominated by very recent arrivals to the region, primarily illegal immigrants from the United States. [136] Years after the story was published, Alamo survivors Susannah Dickinson and Enrique Esparza mentioned the incident, but many details conflicted. On February 12 they crossed the Rio Grande. [100] According to the diary of José Enrique de la Peña, "a single cannon volley did away with half the company of chasseurs from Toluca". But how much of the legend is fact, and how much is myth? [31] Historian Lon Tinkle speculated that the combination of the church bell ringing and the sight of the two Texian scouts led Sesma to believe that the Texians were planning an assault on the cavalry. Impressed with Susanna Dickinson, Santa Anna offered to adopt her infant daughter Angelina and have the child educated in Mexico City. [68] Travis also wrote another letter requesting help. [107] Unable to reach the barracks, Texians stationed along the west wall headed west for the San Antonio River. [31] Few reinforcements were authorized; cavalry officer William B. Travis arrived in Béxar with 30 men on February 3. If our soldiers are driven back, the next line in their rear must force those before them forward, and compel them to scale the walls, cost what it may. [32] They were able to gather enough beef and corn into the Alamo to last a month. [83] Lindley's research indicates that up to 50 of these men had come from Goliad after Fannin's aborted rescue mission. and music from the buglers. [33][34] He transferred command to Travis, the highest-ranking regular army officer in the garrison. [80] Most of the Texians in the Alamo believed that Sesma had been leading the Mexican forces during the siege, and they mistakenly attributed the celebration to the arrival of Santa Anna. [7] In Mexico City, President Antonio López de Santa Anna had begun gathering an army to retake Texas. 180–81. (Myers (1948), pp. Susannah Dickinson recalled Travis announcing that any men who wished to escape should let it be known and step out of ranks. excerpt from William B. Travis's letter To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World.[67]. [78] On the evening of February 26, the Texians burned more huts, these located near the San Luis Potosí Battalion. [2] Most Alamo historians place the number of Mexican casualties at 400–600. [26][27] The Texian government was in turmoil and unable to provide much assistance. [83] In Gonzales itself, Robert "Three-Legged Willie" Williamson began a recruitment drive. [131] In Mexican history, the Texas campaign, including the Battle of the Alamo, was soon overshadowed by the Mexican–American War of 1846–48. [53] Travis was now in sole command of the garrison. Wounded, he crawled towards the powder magazine but was killed by a musket ball with his torch only inches from the powder. [151] News of the Alamo's fall had the opposite effect, and men flocked to join Houston's army. [123], On the afternoon of March 3, reinforcements arrived for Santa Anna's army. [25], The Texian garrison was woefully undermanned and underprovisioned, with fewer than 100 soldiers remaining by January 6, 1836. [81], The arrival of the Mexican reinforcements prompted Travis to send three men, including Davy Crockett, to find Fannin's force, which he still believed to be en route. [146] Realizing that the Mexican army would soon advance towards the Texian settlements, Houston advised all civilians in the area to evacuate and ordered his new army to retreat. The soldiers were soon reduced to partial rations. Several hours later, Texian scouts reported seeing Mexican troops 1.5 miles (2.4 km) outside the town. Neill soon persuaded Bowie that the location held strategic importance. NARRATOR: The battle of the Alamo was a famous fight in the Texas revolution—the struggle for Texas independence from Mexico. [62] Travis called for volunteers to burn the huts, despite the fact that it was broad daylight and they would be within musket range of the Mexican soldiers. None of its defenders can be held responsible for its misuse by anyone, including 20th century filmmakers or 21st century historians. [100] At this point, the silence was broken by shouts of "¡Viva Santa Anna!" [122][125], By 6:30 a.m. the battle for the Alamo was over. He warned, however, that: "I look to the colonies alone for aid; unless it arrives soon, I shall have to fight the enemy on his own terms. The twelve-day siege ended in a bloody battle on March 6 in which Santa Anna and his army captured the Alamo. Todish attributes the remark to Lieutenant Colonel José Juan Sanchez Navarro. Many myths and legends have grown about the Battle of the Alamo, but the facts often give a different account. The siege of the Alamo began with an artillery bombardment, while the Mexican infantry slowly encircled the old mission. It is also considered more faithful to the actual events than other movies. "[132] The decision made, General Juan Valentín Amador drew up detailed battle orders. [44][Note 8] After learning of the planned celebration, Santa Anna ordered General Joaquín Ramírez y Sesma to immediately seize the unprotected Alamo, but sudden rains halted that raid. Four days later, the delegates at the convention received a dispatch Travis had written March 3 warning of his dire situation. [35][Note 5], While the bulk of the garrison prepared for the attack, a few Texians remained in Béxar and raised a flag in the middle of Military Plaza. Travis replied by openi… "[164] The first film version of the battle appeared in 1911, when Gaston Méliès directed The Immortal Alamo. [39][40] Soon after, a Mexican bugler sounded the request for parley. as a Spanish mission in 1718.. For more than a century armed conflict. By March 1, the number of Mexican casualties were nine dead and four wounded, while the Texian garrison had lost only one man. [138] Three Texians were sent to act as sentries outside the walls. "[117], The last of the Texians to die were the 11 men manning the two 12-pounder cannons in the chapel. [120] Guerrero, who had deserted from the Mexican Army in December 1835, was spared after convincing the soldiers he was a Texian prisoner. After being appointed sole commander of all Texian troops, Houston journeyed to Gonzales to take command of the 400 volunteers who were still waiting for Fannin to lead them to the Alamo. [91] In a letter to Acting Governor James Robinson, Fannin said that his officers approached him to ask that the rescue trip be cancelled, as they had received word that General Urrea's army was marching towards Goliad. For a description of the entire battle, see, The plaza covered an area 75 feet (23 m) long and 62 feet (19 m) wide. 252.). [28][Note 2] Four different men claimed to have been given command over the entire army:[Note 3] on January 14, Neill approached one of them, Sam Houston, for assistance in gathering supplies, clothing, and ammunition. [Note 11][79], On March 3, the Texians watched from the walls as approximately 1,000 Mexicans marched into Béxar. [2][3][4] This would represent about one-third of the Mexican soldiers involved in the final assault, which Todish remarks is "a tremendous casualty rate by any standards". It serves as the frontier picquet guard, and if it were in the possession of Santa Anna, there is no stronghold from which to repel him in his march towards the Sabine. (Petite (1999), p. [26] The next night, Santa Anna and his army camped at Leon Creek, 8 miles (13 km) west of what is now Downtown San Antonio. [128] Lindley stated that just before midnight, Crockett and one of the other men found the force of Texians waiting along Cibolo Creek, who had advanced to within 20 miles (32 km) of the Alamo. [118] According to later reports by Filisola, on the evening of March 4, a woman from Bexar informed Santa Anna that Travis and his men were planning to either surrender or escape if reinforcements did not arrive quickly. [25][26] With no idea that the Mexican army was so close, all but 10 members of the Alamo garrison joined about 2000 Bexar residents at a fiesta to celebrate George Washington's birthday. It shows the "terrain comprised in the zone of fire of the Mexican batteries toward the fortress of the Alamo, with their locations, and the radius of fire of the batteries within the works, during the bombardment, until the final assault, March 6, 1836." Several hours later, Texian scouts reported seeing Mexican troops 1.5 miles (2.4 km) outside the town. [117] Most of the Texians in the Alamo had believed that Ramirez y Sesma had been leading the Mexican forces during the siege, and they mistakenly attributed the celebration to the arrival of Santa Anna. At first, the Texians matched Mexican artillery fire, often reusing the Mexican cannonballs. [161] The next major treatment of the battle was Reuben Potter's The Fall of the Alamo, published in The Magazine of American History in 1878. The Alamo structures that survived the battle were left as a ruin for a decade and then converted into an arsenal by the U.S. Army. On March 2, the delegates declared independence, forming the Republic of Texas. In Victoria, Colonel Wharton was preparing to cross the Guadalupe River, while in San Felipe, Captain Mosely Baker ordered the local militia to prepare to march on February 29. [27] Dimitt and Noble had not returned, so Travis sent Dr. James Sutherland[Note 3] and John W. Smith on horseback to scout the area. Santa Anna posted one company east of the Alamo, on the road to Gonzales. After several years, following the Christianization of the local tribe… [130], That evening, James Allen became the last courier to leave the Alamo, carrying messages from Travis and several of the other men. [24] Texians had previously burned the bridge over the Nueces, forcing the Mexicans to build a makeshift structure of branches and dirt in the pouring rain. That afternoon, Santa Anna called a council of war with his senior officers. [Note 14][122] Possibly the last Texian to die in battle was Jacob Walker,[123] who attempted to hide behind Susannah Dickinson and was bayoneted in front of the women. [55] During the first week of the siege more than 200 cannonballs landed in the Alamo plaza. The volunteers were afraid they had been discovered and galloped towards the Alamo. Though the Texans lost, the battle has become a symbol of heroism and independence. [12] Most of his soldiers were raw recruits,[13] and many had been forcibly conscripted. [31] Volunteers comprised much of the garrison, and they were unwilling to accept Travis as their leader. Believing that the Alamo would be adequately reinforced, the delegates took no further action. [15][Note 1], On February 11, the commander of the Alamo, Colonel James C. Neill, left the Alamo, likely to recruit additional reinforcements and gather supplies. [99], During the day the Mexican army tried to block the irrigation ditch leading into the Alamo. [87] Historian Robert Scott suggests that the trip was initiated after Fannin's objections were overridden by his officers. [55][59][60] Several Texians ventured out to burn the huts[60] while Texians within the Alamo provided cover fire. For 15 minutes after that, soldiers continued to fire into dead bodies. [28][Note 4] Bowie was unable to transport the artillery since the Alamo garrison lacked the necessary draft animals. Cos and his men approached the northwest corner of the Alamo,[96] while Duque led his men from the northwest towards a repaired breach in the Alamo's north wall. [40][Note 7] Temperatures in Texas reached record lows, and by February 13 an estimated 15–16 inches (38–41 cm) of snow had fallen. Despite the cold, soldiers were prohibited from wearing cloaks or blankets, as these might limit their movements on the battlefield. [29] [Note 4] The men were completely unprepared for the arrival of the Mexican army, and had no food in the mission. Send them to us. [67] At the time, the First Brigade was at San Ambrosio, a day's march north of the Rio Grande. The Alamo was defended by a small force of Texians and Tejanos, led by William Barrett Travis and James Bowie, and included Davy Crockett. As Santa Anna had anticipated, the exhausted Texians soon fell into the first uninterrupted sleep many of them had since the siege began. At roughly the same time, he ordered a Mexican artillery battery consisting of two 8-lb cannon and a mortar located 350 yards (320 m) from the Alamo to begin firing. Tennessee Ernie Ford's "The Ballad of Davy Crockett" spent 16 weeks on the country music charts, peaking at No. There were not enough mules to transport all of the supplies, and many of the teamsters, all civilians, quit when their pay was delayed. It's Full of Bullet Holes and Old Bottles. Some were stationed within 300 feet (91 m) of the Alamo. The last group of Mexican soldiers in the region—commanded by Santa Anna's brother-in-law, General Martín Perfecto de Cos—surrendered on December 9 following the siege of Béxar. They were encouraged to relate the events of the battle, and to inform the remainder of the Texian forces that Santa Anna's army was unbeatable. [93] Clouds concealed the moon and thus the movements of the soldiers. [29] Instead, he sent Colonel James Bowie with 30 men to remove the artillery from the Alamo and destroy the complex. [96] Unaware of Fannin's attempted relief mission, Travis sent James Bonham to Goliad to persuade him. The younger you are, the wronger you are, at least when it comes to the Alamo. [78][82] As couriers delivered the messages to other settlements, reinforcements assembled in Gonzales, waiting for Fannin to arrive with more troops so they could travel together. [38], Progress was slow. The story of the battle has become an enduring piece of American folklore. The call is upon ALL who are able to bear arms, to rally without one moment's delay, or in fifteen days the heart of Texas will be the seat of war. [129] Lindley based his assumptions on two newspaper reports published within a month of the Alamo's fall that stated that 50 men had reinforced the Alamo a few days before the final assault. [76] The battle also featured in episode 13 of The Time Tunnel, "The Alamo", first aired in 1966, and episode 5 of season one of the TV series Timeless, aired 2016. [54] A third battery was positioned southeast of the fort. [45], By the time the parleys were over it was nightfall, and the firing ceased. [161][162] The first full-length, non-fiction book covering the battle, John Myers Myers' The Alamo, was published in 1948. [26] Colonel James C. Neill, the acting Alamo commander, wrote to the provisional government: "If there has ever been a dollar here I have no knowledge of it". [12] At the northern corner of the east wall stood a cattle pen and horse corral. [30] Historian Thomas Ricks Lindley concluded that Sesma's troops had captured a Texian spy, Trinidad Coy, who lied about a Texian ambush further ahead, prompting Sesma to halt at 7 a.m. and wait for reinforcements. [106] Others climbed through gun ports in the west wall, which had few occupiers. "[20], By late afternoon, Béxar was occupied by about 1500 Mexican troops, who quickly raised a blood-red flag signifying "No Quarter". [11] An interior plaza was bordered on the east by the chapel and to the south by a one-story building known as the Low Barracks. "[33] Within an hour the first of the Mexican cavalry, commanded by Colonel Jose Vicente Minon, entered Béxar. "[56] The letter was eventually reprinted throughout the United States and much of Europe. The Mexican army under General Antonio López de Santa Anna laid siege on the Alamo to recapture it. The Mexicans won the battle, killing all of the Texan soldiers inside the fort. Later that afternoon Santa Anna personally presided over the distribution of shoes to some members of his army. [165][Note 20] Another film also called The Alamo was released in 2004. [70] The Texians believed that none of the other couriers had made it through the Mexican lines,[71] and told Travis that Seguin's knowledge of Spanish would also help him to avoid capture by Mexican patrols. Their column formation allowed only the front rows of soldiers to fire safely. With no time to reload, the Texians, including Dickinson, Gregorio Esparza and James Bonham, grabbed rifles and fired before being bayoneted to death. Edmondson notes that Alsbury returned to the Alamo, and he speculates that Travis sent her to try to negotiate an honorable surrender for the Texian troops. Just before daylight on March 4, part of the Texian force managed to break through the Mexican lines and enter the Alamo. The Mexican army was taken by surprise, and the Battle of San Jacinto was essentially over after 18 minutes. Almost all of the defenders were killed, although several civilians survived. [94] Just after midnight, more than 2,000 Mexican soldiers began preparing for the final assault. [134] Legend holds that at some point on March 5, Travis gathered his men and explained that an attack was likely imminent, and that the Mexican Army would likely prevail. [148], Despite their losses at the Alamo, the Mexican army in Texas still outnumbered the Texian army by almost six to one. Mexican soldiers drove a second group across the prairie. At a cost of $35,000 and with 2,000 extras, the film was a hit. He proposed an imminent attack on the fort. The men agreed, and William exchanged places with his father. [47] According to Edmondson, the Texians sent a small party to forage that evening. [95] Fewer than 1,800 were divided into four columns, commanded by Cos, Colonel Francisco Duque, Colonel José María Romero and Colonel Juan Morales. [14] The walls surrounding the complex were at least 2.75 feet (0.84 m) thick and ranged from 9–12 ft (2.7–3.7 m) high. One of the batteries was located along the right bank of the San Antonio River, approximately 1,000 feet (300 m) from the south wall of the Alamo. [61] Charles Despallier, Robert Brown, James Rose and a few others volunteered for the mission. Albert Martin had reached Gonzales, the most westerly community of Texians, on February 25, the day after Sutherland and Smith had arrived with Travis's first message. The three men, who Dickinson believed included Davy Crockett, were sent to find Fannin. The battery consisted of two eight-pounders and a howitzer and was located approximately 400 yards to the west of the fort. [135] Some historians believe that at least one Texian, Henry Warnell, successfully escaped from the battle. Despite the warning, on March 2 Bonham crossed the Guadalupe en route to the Alamo. The Siege and Fall of the Alamo is the first feature film about the legendary battle of 1836. "[118] Travis ended his letter with news that despite the dearth of ammunition, his men would fire the 18-lb cannon three times each day as proof that they still held the fort. [57] Santa Anna also ordered that his military band serenade the Texians throughout the night. [79] A blue norther blew in that evening and dropped the temperature to 39 degrees F.[78] Neither army was prepared for the cold temperatures. [24][Note 1], To compensate for the lack of firing ports, Texian engineer Green B. Jameson constructed catwalks to allow defenders to fire over the walls; this method, however, left the rifleman's upper body exposed. [137], At 10 pm, the Mexican artillery ceased their bombardment. Mexican soldiers turned the cannon towards the barracks. A small group of men fought to the death to maintain control of the San Antonio fortress. Extensive use is made of original documents, from both sides of the battle, with legend (the famous line in the sand) presented as legend, and no historical rewriting. [2] Most eyewitnesses counted between 182–257 Texians killed. Hand-drawn map depicting the Siege of the Alamo. Next they … [14], The Texians systematically defeated the Mexican troops already stationed in Texas. (Lindley (2003), p. Dickinson refused the offer, which was not extended to Juana Navarro Alsbury although her son was of similar age. [131] According to Todish, "More than one historian, and even some of Santa Anna's own officers, have speculated that this information is what prompted him to push for an immediate assault rather than wait for his heavy siege guns. He attacked on March 6, 1836, overrunning the approximately 200 defenders in less than two hours. The reinforcements brought the number of Mexican soldiers in Béxar to almost 3,100. One group of Texians scrambled to herd cattle into the Alamo, while others scrounged for food in the recently abandoned houses. Texian sentries refused to open the gate, but others helped the family climb through the window of the chapel. [59] At the end of the first day of the siege, Santa Anna's troops were reinforced by 600 men under General Joaquin Ramirez y Sesma, bringing the Mexican army up to more than 2,000 men. [113] Highsmith had tried to return to the Alamo but had been chased for 6 miles (9.7 km) by Mexican cavalry; he told Bonham that no one could get through the Mexican lines. Although the Rio Grande now marks the border between Texas and Mexico, in this era the, The fiesta was in celebration of the birthday of, Although Santa Anna later reported that Texian cannon fire on February 23 killed two Mexican soldiers and wounded eight others, no other Mexican officer reported fatalities from that day. Impatient with the delay, on February 27 Travis ordered Samuel G. Bastian to go to Gonzales "to hurry up reinforcements". [129], The Mexican bombardment recommenced early on March 4. [120] Texian Robert Evans, the master of ordnance, had been tasked with keeping the gunpowder from falling into Mexican hands. Later be used to interpret Mexican bugle calls in several skirmishes with minimal casualties textile workshop at some point day... [ 25 ], Santa Anna would command the reserve force, the. [ 83 ] in Gonzales between the Republic of Texas that he had placed the in. Thus did n't waste shot Captain Albert Martin were also determined to defend the Alamo 23 March... 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